Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Importance of Cyber Security - 1744 Words
The nation has become dependent on technology, furthermore, cyberspace. Itââ¬â¢s encompassed in everything we deliver in our daily lives, our phones, internet, communication, purchases, entertainment, flying airplane, launching missiles, operating nuclear plants, and implicitly, our protection. The more ever-growing technology empower Americans, the more they become prey to cyber threats. The United States Executive Office of the President stated, ââ¬Å"The President identified cybersecurity as one of the top priorities of his administration in doing so, directed a 60-day review to assess polices.â⬠(United States Executive Office of the President, 2009, p.2). Furthermore, critical infrastructure, our network, and internet alike are identifiedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(United States Executive Office of the President, 2009). Though seemingly constructive measures, this order falls short within the administration. The success of the administrationââ¬â¢s 60-day policy review relied heavily on report findings, however privacy of information placed barriers on the mission, moreover, the issue of classified information presented challenges. The final report delivery made a powerful statement about cybersecurity threats and urgency, and the administrationââ¬â¢s need to communicate a response. (Cate Laurie, 2009). Consequently, this prompted the president to appoint a privacy official reporting to the new cybersecurity coordinator. As the current administration acknowledges the majority of infrastructure is owned and operated by the private sector, itââ¬â¢s noted that the president is adamant that his administration wonââ¬â¢t dictate security standards instead they will work together to find technology solutions. (Cate Laurie, 2009). Also noted during the Presidentââ¬â¢s East Room announcement was his promise on a new approach to keep and protect the Americanââ¬â¢s personal privacy. To date, no real action has been implemented to solidify any legal change. Administrative Policy Differences Cyersecurity has been on the forefront of policy priority for legislative administration for several years, cybersecurity protection doesnââ¬â¢t fit into conventional or traditional security problems. As technology has advanced,Show MoreRelatedThe Importance of Cyber Security1093 Words à |à 4 Pagesuse and lack of protection from cyber security, more and more people are becoming victims of cyber bullying, or the teasing and discrimination of others through online sources. The internet not only offers communication tactics, but also ways to keep track of your finances and shop from home. Identity theft through hacking is well known among the ones who risk putting their personal banking information online. Because of all the crime, the demand for cyber security is steadily increasing. 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An attack on informational structures of a state are cyber-attacks or ââ¬Å"the use of computational technologies in cyberspace for malevolent and destructive purposes in order to impact, change, or modify diplomatic and military interactions between entitiesâ⬠Cyber-attacks are increasingly becoming daily security threats in both private and public sectors of a state. In 2016Read MoreCyber Threats931 Words à |à 4 PagesTOP FIVE CYBER SECURITY THREATS FOR 2012 11 August 2012 ABSTRACT The ten cyber security threats in the IT world are boosts in mobile drives and in security tasks, increased C-suite targeting, growing use of social media that will contribute to personal cyber threats, being already infected, and everything physical can be digital. This paper discusses what these threats are, how to defeat and/or demonstrate proficiency in defeating the cyber threats, and the rising
Teletech Corporation Case Analysis free essay sample
In this scenario Margret Weston, received a letter. In the letter she found out that Yossarian acquired 10% of the companyââ¬â¢s stock. This aggressive move by Yossarian was motivated by the company management not doing their job to maximize shareholders wealth. Moreover, the managers were having issues with the hurdle rate, because it is just generally accepted, but not scientifically proven. On the other hand one TV Commentators opinion about Teletech Corp. is that ââ¬Å"there is no way to have a hostile takeover in this sector, but for the Teletech Corp. there are many reasons to try.â⬠Teletech Corp. has two major business segments, Telecommunication Services and both Product and System Manufacturing make up the other segment we will analyze. The ROC of both the segments combined for a firm Return on Capital of 9.58%. In addition to this, the company is expecting a decrease in revenue in both segments. Margret Weston and company have been calculating returns using method of economic conditions to create value for the company. The economic condition is a model which includes differences between the rate of Capital (ROC) and Hurdle rate multiplied by the Capital employed. This Economic Condition Model is generated on the assumption based and rated according to the Weighted Average Cost of Capital, furthermore the ROC is calculated by Net Operating Profit After Taxes divided by Capital used. See Exhibit #4 The opposing arguments include a variety of topics, such as how the two businesses differ in risk, and the appropriateness of measuring all projects against the corporate hurdle rate of 9.3%. Our discussion will focus on explaining how the company is being mismanaged and how it should respond to Yossarian accusations, starting with hurdle rate. In general, hurdle rate is the minimum amount of return on a project the company is willing to accept before starting a project. Here, Teletech Corp. currently uses the hurdle rate as a tool for evaluating its economic profit and NPV value based on the beta, cost of capital, and the estimation of Teletechââ¬â¢s Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). By using the hurdle rate measurement, they assume both of the two businesses (Telecommunications and Products Systems) are sharing the same risk. Part of management is content with allowing this hurdle rate to manipulate the firms opportunity cost,à while still a handful of managers and the Vice President Rick Phillips disagree. They disagree advocating that it is not scientifically proven, but generally accepted and should be recalculated individually for each segment according to Mr. Phillips. It was suggested by Mr. Phillips that multiple hurdle rates should be implemented since different business units obtain different risks. Therefore, based on the data from exhibit 3 titled Sample of Comparable Firms, we took the average beta and weight of debt (debt/capital) from Telecommunications Services Industry to re-evaluate its WACC (hurdle rate). This calculation gave Teletechââ¬â¢s Telecommunications segment a new hurdle rate of 8.471%. Then we took the mean from average number of betas and weight of debt for P/Ss and found the its new hurdle rate to be 11.399% based on the information of Telecommunications Equipment Industry, Computer and Network Equipment Industry. Our findings conclude that the WACC of Telecommunications is lower than the overall firm, whereas the WACC of P/Ss is higher instead as seen on the table and graph below. 3. Interpret Rick Phillipââ¬â¢s graph (Fig 2). How does the choice of constant vs risk-adjusted hurdle rate affect the evaluation of Teletechââ¬â¢s two segments? What are the implications for Teletechââ¬â¢s resource allocation strategy? Looking at the graph above, when Teletech Corp. uses the constant hurdle rate, Telecommunications services which earns 9.1% on capital is underneath of the companyââ¬â¢s hurdle rate. Moreover, the PS which promises to earn 11% on capital is above the companyââ¬â¢s hurdle rate. However, the result may be reversed by looking at the graph with adjusted risk hurdle rates. It is clear that company is doing better than they should in the telecommunication segment, because they are getting higher return in comparison to the risk they are taking. On the other hand, PS segment is not doing as well as it should, because return is getting lower than the risk taken by the company. That is to say, constant and risk-adjusted hurdle rate lead to the different results when Teletech Corp. evaluated its ROR. Implications that company are facing in this strategy are that they are going with the constant hurdle rate for all of its segments, which is not viable. For this reason the company is not adding the extra value of the NPV that these segments are producing and resulting in a lower value for the shareholders. 4. Do you agree that ââ¬Å"all money is greenâ⬠? What are the implications of that view? What are the arguments in favor (against) that view? We are not agreeing on the fact that all money is green when the money from the company is being mismanaged. A firm would logically not accept risky projects that would not provide a significant return, but in the case of Telecommunications Corp. that is exactly what they are doing by using consistent hurdle rate that covers up risky projects. Funds that are used towards risky projects that generate little or no return should not be considered green. If you look at Exhibit #5 which adjust for the individual risk of each segment then you will see that the economic profit adjusted risk puts Telecommunications with $81,692,307.71 Positive and for product and systems it is a Negative (17,454,545.46). From an investors stand point in order for money to be consider green, the companyââ¬â¢s money must be used efficiently, and generate decent returns based on risk. This mismanagementà may very well be equivalent to rat-hole investments, which will decrease the companyââ¬â¢s value. We disagree with her statement based Teletech Corporationââ¬â¢s, because the assets under the Products and Systems subsidiary are riskier, as is validated by the lower credit rating for the riskier assets (Exhibit). On the other hand, if we invest all of our capital in the telecommunication segment, then we generate an extra value for the company, because it is less risky and it generates more value for the shareholders on the basis of more return on capital. In addition, if we consider Economic profit we can clearly generate a higher profit in telecommunication segment by taking the risk adjusted rates. So, in our opinion Helen Buono was incorrect by saying that management would destroy value if the entire firmââ¬â¢s asset were redeployed in the telecommunication segment. The product and system manufacturing segment is destroying value for the firm because it is making a lower return, in comparison to the risk it is taking. If we going to find its NPV with the rate of 11.4%, than the NPV will come in negative because product and system segment is just producing 11.1%, which will destroy the value of the company by .3% of the capital invested in that segment.(consider Mr. Phillipââ¬â¢s graph) In conclusion, in response to the letter sent by Yossarian, Teletech should say that they are doing well as a company in telecommunication sector. Teletech is generating a higher return on the risk they are taking in telecommunication segment. Teletech is also adding value to its shareholders by generating that extra percent on the capital invested in telecommunication segment. In addition to that we think that Teletech should reduce the investments in the product and system segment, because it is not generating the revenues that it should as an investment in that risky category. So, if Teletech going to lower the investment in product and system segment, and increase the investment in telecommunication segment, than Teletech will generate a higher NPV and higher value for its shareholders.
Wednesday, April 22, 2020
The Constitution in Public Administration A Report on Education
The American constitution is supreme to other laws in the country; with this notion, public administration must follow the demand of the constitution. The constitution should be the overall law that governs issues and management of public institutions; in some instances, the constitution may have some bureaucracy that hinders efficiency among public administrators however it is normative that the administrators understand the requirements of the law and follow them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitution in Public Administration: A Report on Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In some cases, the constitution is seen to offer some stuck guidelines that are only needed to be followed for the general good of the law. Some scholars have argued that some of the demand made under the constitution lead to designs of inefficiency among public institutions. Among public administration causes, there have b een debates and recommendations that the rule of law should be taught; this is to facilitate knowledge among them and ensure when they are taking the oath of office, they understand what they are committing themselves to. In general the oath mandates them to uphold the rule of law and act ethically for the general good of the entire society (Rorh, 1982). Ethics and Comparative Administration Public servants of U.S. bureaucracy system are expected to uphold high degrees of ethics when working and performing their tasks; the general belief is that the constitution has some frameworks that can be used as the pillars of ethical code of conducts. The constitution should protect moral aspects of human being respecting ones fundamental rights and freedom. According to the article, democracy has an effect on bureaucratic ethics, there is need to have freedom of choice and expression. Although the bureaucratic ethics notion, the system of operation that administrators should adopt should res pect the rule of law and ensure that they perform their duties diligently, professionally, with the heart and the interests of the larger majority in their heart. I agree with the argument that democratic governance is the foundation of bureaucratic ethics; this is so because when the ruling class adopts effective systems of governance, the policies they make will be ethical and for the general good of the society. For example, the police are expected to ensure justice prevails in the society; they should have effective systems of administration. For instance, when a crime has been committed that calls for the use of public funds, police should not use the amounts selectively, they should have the same policy.Advertising Looking for essay on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to my belief, the society can attain high levels of bureaucratic ethics however there is need to have a central body that c ontrols the flow and direction that behavior among administration officials follow. In the case that there is conflict of issues, the administrating central body should prevail. In a nationââ¬â¢s administration, democracy backed with the constitution stands a better chance to maintain bureaucratic ethics (Rorh, 2007). Conclusion In the administration of social policy, public officials should uphold professionalism, integrity, and ethical behavior. For uniformity, governments need to enact policies that reinforce the rule of law and administration of justice; the constitution is supreme thus it should have guidelines to governance frameworks that support ethical behavior among citizens. Constitution as a course in tertiary education should not be limited to administrators but should be a common course in all professions; this will facilitate administration of justice and respect of fundamental rights freedoms. References Rorh, J. (1982). The Constitution in Public Administration: A Report on Education. American Review of Public Administration, 16(4), 429-440. Rorh, J. (2007). Ethics and Comparative Administration: A Constitutional Commentary. American Review of Public Administration, 10(1), 65-74. This essay on The Constitution in Public Administration: A Report on Education was written and submitted by user Boston Kline to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.
Monday, March 16, 2020
Copyright Infringement
Copyright Infringement Copyright infringement refers to the act of using copyrighted works without the authority of the owner thus infringing their rights to reproduce or distribute the material (Campbell and Cotter 24). The intellectual owner of any material has a right to reproduce the work, distribute it, display it publicly, and to perform the work publicly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Infringement specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the law, any person who violates any of these rights is an infringer and is liable for infringement. Copyright infringement is a criminal act that attracts severe punishment under the law (Campbell and Cotter 24). Several ways could be used to pursue legal action against an international business that has committed copyright infringement or stolen a patent. These include pursuing legal action in a federal court or filing a case with the department of justice (Achilles 45). The first thing to do after copyright infringement or after a patent has been stolen is to seek assistance from a copyright attorney for available legal options. A victim should then contact law enforcement agencies in order for them to investigate the case. For example, in America, two divisions of FBI investigate all cases linked to intellectual property crimes. These are the Cyber Division, and the Financial Institution Fraud Unit. After investigations, a victim then files a case in a court of law after referral from a law enforcement agency (Achilles 46). The court then assesses the evidence presented by law enforcement agencies and makes a ruling. In most cases, federal courts give the infringer and the victim an opportunity to settle the case out of court. Such cases last for a period of up to one year and cost a lot of money to conclude. Most victims prefer an out, the United States Department of Justice runs the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS), which deals wi th cases of intellectual property infringement (Achilles 47).Advertising Looking for essay on intellectual property? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The department provides guidelines as to what constitutes criminal copyright violations, and defines crimes as either felony or a misdemeanor. In addition, the department determines when to charge infringers and the degree of punishment to be awarded. The department conducts its own investigations and prosecutes the infringer. The process is stressful because a ruling is made only after the department has ascertained that copyright infringement occurred or a patent was stolen. This may take a couple of months or several years to conclude. Copyright infringement and patent theft pose great risks to both businesses and individuals. In such cases, U.S businesses would shy away from conducting business in foreign countries that have cases of copyright infringement. Some coun tries lack stringent laws that protect individuals and businesses from copyright infringement. Therefore, most businesses would stop their operations in such countries. In addition, it would force some businesses to change their business model in order to discourage such acts. This would lead to extra expenses that could affect the effectiveness and efficiency of a businessââ¬â¢s operations. Other business would withdraw completely and stop their operations from that country if the infringement causes serious damages such as collapse of the business or great losses in legal suits. Copyright infringement lawsuits are usually expensive and time consuming (Fishman 53). Many businesses would try as much as possible to avoid such lawsuits because of their negative effects on business operations. Achilles, Sabine. Law Enforcement in Copyright Infringement Cases. New York: GRIN Verlag, 2003. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Copyright Infringement specifi cally for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Campbell, Dennis, and Cotter Susan. Copyright Infringement. New York: Kluwer Law International, 1998. Print. Fishman, Stephen. The Copyright Handbook. New York: Nolo, 2011. Print.
Saturday, February 29, 2020
Apa Format Cheat Sheet
Space once after periods on the reference list | Title Page Format à p. 229Example: p. 41Exception: You do NOT need to include an Author Note| The title page should include the following five items:à 1. Header flush left:Running head: ABBREVIATED TITLE (maximum 50 characters)à 2. Page number flush righttitle page is page 1à à 3. Centered and in the upper half of the page (double spaced): Title of PaperStudent NameAmerican Sentinel University| Body of Paper| 1. Header flush left:ABBREVIATED TITLEà 2. Page number flush rightà 3. Center title on first line of first pageà | Headingsp. 62| 4. Use at least one level of heading (Level 1), though depending on paper length, two levels of headings (Levels 1 2) may enhance readability Level 1Centered with bold font, upper and lower case lettersLevel 2Flush left, bold font, upper and lower case letters(See the APA manual for three additional levels of headings used for longer papers). | Introduction/Conclusionà pp. 27; 63| The first paragraph of all papers should introduce the reader to what the paper will be about, and include a purpose statement. It is assumed that the first paragraph is the introduction; therefore, do not use ââ¬Å"Introductionâ⬠as a heading. Close the paper with a conclusion or summary that summarizes the key points of the paper. You do not need to say ââ¬Å"In conclusionâ⬠because the heading says that. For the ââ¬Å"how-toââ¬â¢sâ⬠of writing a great intro and conclusion, see: http://www. princeton. edu/writing/center/resources/introconcl. pdf| Writing Styleà p. 69; also see: http://blog. apastyle. org/apastyle/2009/09/use-of-first-person-in-apa-style. html| Writing in the third person is standard at American Sentinel, though there are exceptions (check with your instructor); avoid use of person all together when possible. Chapter 3 of the APA manual has some great writing tips! Here are a few additional resources students have found helpful in writing papers: à 1. Principles of Composition 2. Correct use of Punctuation 3. How to do a Final Polish/Edit of your Assignment 4. Mission Criticalââ¬âCritical Thinking Interactive Tutorial| Quotation 40 Words or More à pp. 92; 171-173| à Use block quotationno quotation marks, page number preceded by the period at the end of the last sentence. Note: Limit use of direct quotations! Better to paraphrase and cite. | Writing in a Series (Seriation) pp. 63-65| Use numbers to indicate an ordered position (e. . , of importance): 1. 2. Can use bullet points if there is no order of importance or chronology: * * As part of a sentence: Options for writing a list in APA format includes (a) numbers, (b) bullet points, and (c) lower case letters in parenthesis, depending on how the list is used. | Writing Numbers pp. 111-113| Numbers expressed in numerals: * 10 and above * Precede a measurement (e. g. , 5 mg)Numbers exp ressed in words: * Below 10 * Beginning a sentence or heading| Citing In Text (Preferred citation format listed) à Note the period follows the parenthesis. There must be a citation on the reference page for each in text citation. | Paraphrasing à p. 170| â⬠¦(Young, 2010). | Direct Quotationp. 170-172| â⬠¦(Young, 2010, p. 3). Note: Limit use of direct quotations! Better to paraphrase and cite. | Secondary source p. 178| â⬠¦ (York, as cited in Johnson, 2009). Note: Only Johnson goes on the reference page. | No Page Numbers p. 171-172| à Give paragraph: (Brown, 2010, para. 3) ORGive section: (Davis, 2010, Abstract section). | No Date à à p. 185| â⬠¦(Smith, n. d. ). | Personal Communication à p. 178| à (J. Jones, personal communication, July 12, 2010). Note: Do not include on the reference page | Citing Multiple Authorsà No need to memorize, just keep this list handy. pp. 175| Author Number| In Text Citation | Reference List Citation| 2| List both authors every timeâ⬠¦(Author Author, year)à | à à à List all authors| 3-5| Cite all authors the first time: â⬠¦(Author, Author, Author, year)Subsequently, cite only the first author followed by et al. â⬠¦(Author et al. , year)à | à à à List all authorsà | 6 or more| First time and every time, cite only the first author followed by et al. Author et al. , year)à à à | à à List all authors| 8 or more| | Include the first seven authorsââ¬â¢ names, then insert three ellipses, and add the last authorââ¬â¢s name, like this:Author, I. , Author, I. , Author, I. , Author, I. , Author, I. , Author, I. , Author, I. ,â⬠¦Author, I. (year). | Reference Citations Always compare to an example as you build and proofread your references. Every reference needs an in text citation. pp. 180-183; examples: pp. 198-224| General| 1. Reference list begins on a new page, with the word Reference centered at the top of the page 2. There should be a hanging indent on every reference. In MS Word, create a hanging indent by going to ââ¬Å"Formatâ⬠gt; ââ¬Å"Paragraphâ⬠gt; ââ¬Å"Specialâ⬠gt; select Hanging from the drop down menu. 3. Place references in alphabetical order 4. Reference page should be double-spaced like the rest of the paperno extra spaces| Journal article with a doi (Digital Object Identifier):| Zembylas, M. (2008). Adult learnersââ¬â¢ emotions in online learning. Distance Education, 29(1), 71-87. doi: 10. 1080/01587910802004852à | Journal article from a secure database (like our library) with no doi:| Tang, F. , Chou, S. Chiang, H. (2005). Studentsââ¬â¢ perceptions of effective and ineffective clinical instructors. Journal of Nursing Education, 44(4), 187-192. Retrieved from ProQuest database. | Journal article from the Internet with no doi:| Vesely, P. , Bloom, L. , Sherlock, J. (2007). Key elements of building online community: Comparing faculty and student perceptions. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 3(3), 234-246. Retrieved from http://jolt. merlot. org/vol3no3/vesely. pdfà | Book| Weimer, M. (2002). Learner-centered teaching: Five key changes to practice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Chapter in a book with multiple authors| Stake, R. E. (2005). Qualitative case studies. In N. K. Denzin Y. S. Lincoln (Eds. ), The Sage handbook of qualitative research (3rd ed. , pp. 443-466). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. | Website with an author| Berwick, D. (n. d. ). Don Berwicks challenge: Eliminate restrictions on visiting hours in the intensive care unit. Retrieved from http://www. ihi. org/knowledge/Pages/ImprovementStories /DonBerwicksChallengeEliminateRestrictionsonVisitingHoursinthe IntensiveCareUnit. px | Website without an author| Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. (2009). Assessment for improvement: Tracking student engagement over time. Retrieved from http://nsse. iub. edu/NSSE_2009_Results/pdf/NSSE_AR_2009. pdfà | à à Note: In an APA paper all references would be double-spaced Warning: Indicates a common error. Regarding references: Use only scholarly sources for your assignments. What are scholarly sources? * Peer reviewed journalsââ¬âexamples: Journal of Nursing Education, American Journal of Nursing, Journal of Holistic Nursing. Use only articles available in full text (not just an abstract). * Ideally the articles will have been published in the last 5-10 years. * Text books * Reputable websitesââ¬âexamples: http://nursingworld. org/, http://www. cdc. gov/, http://www. ihi. org/Pages/default. aspx * Wikiââ¬â¢s such as Wikipedia are NOT scholarly sourcesââ¬âdo not use. File Name: At American Sentinel University, always name your document (what you save as) using this format: YourName_CourseNumber_Assignment This guide is provided as a convenient reference, but always refer to the APA
Thursday, February 13, 2020
Art Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Art Studies - Essay Example This musical composition is intended for three violins and basso continuo. However, through time its popularity made it the subject of arrangements for a wide variety of ensemble (Pachelbel's Canon 2). In general, the composition conveys both warm and festive emotion through the instruments that are used, rhythm, and overall structure. I believe that this effect is most likely because of the connection of this music to wedding ceremonies. The Canon in D major is also made more interesting and appealing by the composer's extensive use of chord progression. Overall, the composition seems to be an expression of strong, elaborate, and dramatic expression of emotion through the use of complex musical elements. 6. Choose a work of visual art (painting or sculpture) from the same time period as the musical composition that seems to "relate" in some way. Explain your choice. How do these two works of art fit the time period The Canon in D major as stated above is one of the famous musical composition during the Baroque period. Alongside this composition, the St. Theresa in Ecstasy is also created within the same era. This sculpture is crafted by Bernini showing St.
Saturday, February 1, 2020
Clyfford still Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Clyfford still - Essay Example The artistââ¬â¢s feelings are also on the surface as it is clear that Still sympathized with those people and he is also very sad that some people had to live in such conditions. It is also possible to assume that the artist feels that the American society cannot be called a just one, as there are so many poor people who do not enjoy equal rights and do not have equal opportunities with the rest of Americans. As far as I am concerned, the painting made quite a strong impression on me. The first thing that caught my eye was the hands (as well as feet) of the man and the woman. It is clear that very poor people are depicted. The hands can be regarded as a symbol of hard work and large feet can symbolize distances that these people have to cover. I felt sorrow for the couple who had to work very hard day after day. My sad feelings were enhanced by the posture of the couple. The man and the woman are absolutely devastated. I almost felt their weariness. I assume that these two people are not only tired of the work, they are also tired of their lives. The man and the woman are dreaming and I feel they do not have any dreams as they have no enough powers to create any images in their heads, since they are too tired. Finally, one element attracted my special attention. The horseshoe, which is the symbol of good luck, can be regarded as a symbol of hope in the painting. The couple could hope that they might someday overcome their difficulties and live a happy and prosperous life. However, I do not feel that there is any hope for the two people. Unfortunately, when I am looking at the painting, I can only see despair and endless suffering of the couple as well as millions of other people all over the
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