Healer and Healing: a Study on Khasi Health Care System Essay

This is particularly in our societies where one medical system along cannot adequately meet the health needs of the entire population. In the present time most of the people live in a medically plural society. So their health seeking behavior is an important side of human being. Through gathering information, to find out the indigenous medical knowledge of Khasis and to investigate the available health care options, understanding their perception about alternatives in health care system, explore the health seeking behavior of Khasi people. Health and care, belief and practices differ according different cultures. Cultural belief and practices strongly influence people’s health. Health problem often viewed as cultural phenomena. The term ‘healing’ means a variety of complex and overlapping treatment systems. Various medical anthropologists created typologies that recognize the phenomenon of medical pluralism in complex societies. Based upon their geographic and cultural settings Kleinman suggested that, in looking at any complex society, one can identify there over lapping and inter connected sectors of health care, the â€Å"popular† sector the â€Å"folk† sector and the â€Å"professional† sector (Helman, 2000). In our country Khasi is an excluded community. They are also well known ethnic community in this geographic area. They have a different cultural believes and practices. They are different in their life style with the Bengali. They have a indigenous medical knowledge. The healer of their community is known as ‘Bonagi’. The physician practices their knowledge insider of their community. But now a day’s people of the Khasi community also take service of allopathic, Homeopathic and Ayurvedic etc of various health problems. Statement of the problem: In both developed and developing countries, the standard of health services public expected was not being provided. The service does not cover the whole population. The health service favored only the privileged few and urban dwellers. The ethnic communities have been detached from the mainstream of the health and health care sectors including the public health care also. In Bangladesh there are 31 ethnic communities are existing and khasis are one of them is totally beyond the researchers and the policy makers. The ethnic community is living in Sylhet division since several centuries, but Anthropological study yet has not been conducted the health and health care. The impacts of climate change and global warming, various peculiar and unknown complex diseases are arisen. So it is very important to know how khasi people treat their different diseases. Objectives of the study: The broad objectives of my study will be to investigate the available health care option of Khasi people and it means to find out the indigenous medical knowledge of Khasis. Specific objectives: The specific objectives of my research to know: a) Explore the health seeking behavior of the local people. b) Understanding their perceptions about alternatives in health care system c) Understand their perception about new epidemic diseases which is revealed in this century. Review of Literature: For better understanding of the conceptual issues of the research, review of literature is needed. Few health related books have reviewed for this research after which described in below: Anita hardon (1992) has written ‘Applied health research manual: Anthropology of health and health care’. The Authors first assumption is that human body is more than just a physical organism but have a cultural mind which influence people’s health. As the formulation of them, disease is the definition of a health problem by a medical expert, illness refers to the experience of the problem by patient and sickness is the social role attached to a health problem by the society at large. The general framework of Anthropological approach: Structural Functionalism could view illness is a dysfunction of the body and health care contributes to the maintenance of society as a whole by repairing the sick individual . In the ecological model health is regarded as the result of successful adaptation to environment and disease the outcome of the failure to adopt. The Marxist political economy model viewed health and quality of health care are largely determined by social competition between groups of people (classes) and the unequal distribution of scarce resources. A symbolic point of view the described approach should be seen as complementary but critical Anthropology which has integrated the politico-economic and symbolic views and tries to connect macro and micro level insights in social processes. Illness is presented as the embodiment of Society’s most basic problems and conflicts. The popular sector comprises the lay, non-professional domain where illness is first recognized and treated. Self-care is an example . The folk sector consists of local healers such as herbalists, bone-setters, spiritual healers’ diviners and traditional birth attendants. The professional sector is the domain of medical specialists who enjoy a privileged position in the sense that they are legally protected and control memberships, knowledge and quality of medical practice by means of formally recognized professionalization. Authors further draw out other classification of health system, public/formal medicine is offered by the state and is either inexpensive or free, Private/informal medicine tends to be the domain of non-government organization or private entrepreneurs. A health system is an integral part of the wider culture and society in which it is found, they explicitly argued for the mutual understanding of traditional and modern medicine and respect for each other. Thomas M. Johnson and Carolynt Sargent (1990) has written, Medical Anthropology: A hand book of theory and method Thomas J.  Csordas and Arther Kleinman tend to emphasize the symbolic and non symbolic aspects of healing. The idea of therapeutic process is analogous to the idea of ritual process and categorization of it, the first formulation the treatmental event has been described as the process which is understand as the sequence of actions, Phases or stages undergone by the participants, on the other hand, process within therapeutic events is constituted by elements of verbal interaction and interpersonal relationship between therapist and client. The second conceptualization of experiential process with a focus the sequence of mental states, the emergence of insight, interpretation of religious experience, and endogenous symbolic or Somatic process, Third sense-that of progression or course of an illness episode, defined by a sequence of decision leading to diagnosis and treatment. The final sense-social and ideological control exercised through healing practice that may consider political that is the sense in which therapy and healing articulate with broader social issues and concerns. Francis x. Grolling S. J and Harold B . Hale (1976) has written â€Å"Medical Anthropology† The first formulation assumed that most cultures have kind of expertise or specialists who treats illness and disease might be identified as Shaman or witch doctor, And the society’s basic attitude is that if he can cure disease then he can causes disease, Again if the Shaman has the power to retrieve the spirit, it is quite reasonable to consider that he would also have the power to destroy a person by talking the spirit away. From views of African native doctor, disease is an external force which enters a human body in a specific way and interferes with the normal bodily functions, which can be classified into two classes: role of spirits of dead ancestors, sickness in human body has an organic basis. In North African Yanoama group perform using Shamanism and protection from evil spirits etc and other Shamanistic by shaman with help of their subjected assistant spirit, hekula. The feature of Shamanism is the chanting by which Shaman calls hekula to his aid; Snuffing is used during this period. In Peru, Coca is locally used medical practice for using various diseases. But with European intervention; it became used widely as a medical element to create various medicines. Within institutionalized framework. Turner, in discussing Ndembu medicine sees the dual aspects i. e. natural and social aspects of medicine. Certain Ndembu medicine cures are private and involve only herbalists while other disease involve mystical causes and therapy becomes a matter of selling up the branches in social relationships simultaneously with ridding the patient of his pathological symptoms. The social of nature of the cure is reflected in the fact that the patient is integrated isolated at several levels of the social structure during the cure. Theoretical Frame Work: In the research medical ecological theory has applied, which is coined by McElory and Townsed (1985:4). Herden, A et. All (1903:17-18) states also that human adaptation to environment. Cultural phenomena are seen first and foremost as human solutions to problems posed by natural environment. By viewing culture as a continuing adaptation to both nature and culture, McElory and Townsed seen that medical ecology considers health to be a measure of how well population adapt to its environment. Social, biological and environment factors interact and influence health. Fabreg states that medical ecology is holistic, that is it deals with the entire system of factors that affect health (cited in McElory and Townsed: P. 6). A key idea of medical ecological approach in that health is a measure of environmental adaptation and health can be studied through ecological model. Among the Khasis, this model has been applied to analyze the health and health care. McElory and Townsed states (1 bid: 14) the environment can be broken down into three part the physical on abiotic environment the biotic environment and the cultural environment no doubt these parts of models are inter linked as well as inter related. Ecological approach indicated the diseases as a result of several causes in the studied community. And it has shown that health and diseases are part of a physical, biological and cultural subsystem that continuously affects one another. Conceptual issues:  Three sectors model: In the research Kleinman model has applied, He states that, in looking at any complex society one can identity three overlapping and inter-connected sector of healthcare: the popular sector, the folk sector and the professional sector. The popular sector: This is the lay, NON-Professional, NON-Specialist domain of society, where ill-health is first recognized and defined and health care activities are limited. It includes all the therapeutic option that people utilize without any payment and without consulting either folk healer or medical practitioners. Among these options are: self treatment or self medication advice or treatment given by a relative friend neighbor or workmate, healing and mutual care activities in a church, cult or self-help group or consultation with another lay person who has special experience of a particular disorder. In this sector the main area of health care is the family. Most ill health is recognized and then treated. It has been estimated that about 70-90 present. The popular sector usually includes a et of beliefs about health is also maintained by the use of charms, amulets and religious medallion to including unexpected illness and to attract good luck and goods health. Most health care in this sector place between people already linked to one another by ties of kinship, friendship neighborhood or membership of work or religious organization. The folk sector: In this sector which is especially large in non western societies, certain individuals specialize in forms of healing which are either sacred of secular or a mixture of the two. These healers are not part of the official medical system and occupy an intermediate position between the popular and professional sectors. There is a wide variation in the types of folk healer found in any society from purely secular and technical experts like bone setters, midwifes, tooth extractors of herbalists, to spiritual leathers from a he erogenous group with much individual variation in style and outlook but sometimes they are organized into associations of healers, with rules of entry, codes of conduct and the sharing of information.. The professional sector: This comprises the organized, legally sanctioned healing professions, such as modern western scientific, medicine, also known as allopathic or biomedicine. It includes not only physicians of various types and specialties but also the recognized Para- medical professions. In most countries, scientific medicine is the basis of the professional sector. It is important to realize that western scientific medicine provides only a small proportion of health care in most countries of the world. In most countries especially in the western world the practitioners of scientific medicine from the only group of healers whose positions are upheld by law.

Feminist Perspective Essay

Feminist Perspective in â€Å"The Awakening† In The Awakening, Chopin describes how the perfect man or woman should look according to society. The Awakening was published in 1899 which â€Å"aroused a storm of controversy for its then unprecedented treatment of female independence and sexuality, and for its unromantic portrayal of marriage. † (Chopin, 1899, Note) Women were expected to be obedient housewives and a doting mother to their children. The statement; â€Å"If it was not a women’s place to look after children, who’s on earth was it? (Chopin, 1899, chap 3) denotes what the woman’s responsibilities are in a marriage. Chopin uses the characters: Edna, Leonce, Madame Ratignolle and Robert Lebrun to show how marriage, independence, equal rights and freedom are portrayed in the novel, The Awakening. Leonce Pontellier was a forty year old, slender, medium built man with straight brown hair parted to one side. When Chopin describes, â€Å"since it seemed to be the law of society that hair must be parted and brushed† (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) it shows how society expects a man’s appearance to be. Leonce was away on business often and would send a box full of fruits, bon bons, and delicious syrups in abundance. Mr. Pontellier was often away from home on business trips. To make up for the time spent away from home he would send these luscious treats. The women were envious of how much Mr. Pontellier cared for Edna. Chopin best describes how other women see Mr. and Mrs. Pontellier’s relationship when she states; â€Å"selecting with dainty and discriminating fingers and a little greedily, all declared that Mr. Pontellier was the best husband in the world† (Chopin, 1899, chap 3) while sharing the tasty treats sent. Mr. Pontellier was a very materialistic man and even when he looked at his wife after being in the sun states â€Å"you are burnt beyond recognition, he added, looking at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of property which has suffered some damage. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 1) shows how men view their wife in that era. Men liked their woman to be flawless and devoted to their family. In today’s society that would be considered a â€Å"trophy wife†. Leonce is great at providing for his family, but disregards his wife’s feelings. One example of how Mr. Pontellier is inconsiderate of his wife’s feelings is when she asked him if he would be coming home for dinner and his response was; â€Å"he halted a moment and shrugged his shoulders. / He did not know; perhaps he would return for the early dinner and perhaps he would not. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 1) However, when Edna â€Å"abandoned her Tuesdays at home, and did not return the visits of those who called upon her. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 14) and begins painting, he views her as mentally unbalanced, which he seeks advice from a doctor. â€Å"Mr. Pontellier had been rather courteous husband so long as he met certain tactic submissiveness in his wife. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 14) In other words as long as Edna does what is expected of society he would be happy. In the late 1800’s the man’s job was to provide for the family and the woman’s job was to care for the house and children. Mr. Pontellier was your typical man of that era. Edna Pontellier was a young woman of twenty eight, who’s â€Å"eyes were quick and bright; they were yellowish brown, about the color of her hair. / She was rather handsome than beautiful. (Chopin, 1899, chap 2) In the story, The Awakening Chopin describes Edna as â€Å"an American woman with a small infusion of French† (Chopin, 1899, chap 2), however it was â€Å"lost in dilution. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 2) Edna was in an unhappy marriage with Leonce and throughout the story begins to find her inner self at the Grand Isle. Chopin uses different symbols thro ughout the story to help us understand Edna’s state of mind. Edna did not fit in with the rest of the Creole women. Chopin describes Edna as â€Å"not a mother-woman† (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) indicating that she is not a dedicated mother like the other Creole women. Mrs. Pontellier, though she had married a creole, was not thoroughly home in society of the Creoles. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) The Creole women were known for; â€Å"fluttering about with extended, protecting wings when any harm, real or imaginary, threatened their precious brood. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) Edna has a quadroon nurse, whom looks after the children who â€Å"was looked upon as a huge encumbrance† (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) leaving one to believe that because of the time period that the quadroon nurse is black. In this era women were dedicated to their children and husband, however Edna defies the norms of society when she doesn’t obey these rules. Edna is fascinated by the beauty and mothering portrayed by Madame Ratignolle and forms a bond with her in the summer at Grand Isle. â€Å"Madame Ratignolle was very fond of Mrs. Pontellier and often she took her sewing and went over to sit with her in the afternoons. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier liked to sit and gaze at her fair companion as she might look upon a faultless Madonna. (Chopin, 1899, chap 5) Madame Ratignolle was the perfect Creole woman and Edna looked to her for guidance. Madame Ratignolle is an example of an acceptable woman in this time period. However Edna realizes she is not like the other Creole women and searches within herself for independence. As a woman in the late 1800’s early 1900’s life had many challenges, especially for those who seek independence. It was unlikely for a woman to neither voice her opinions if she were unhappy in a marriage nor choose who to marry. In The Awakening, Edna’s father pushed her into marriage with Leonce. She describes her marriage as â€Å"purely an accident† (Chopin, 1899, chap 7) and with â€Å"the violent opposition of her father and her sister Margaret to her marriage with a Catholic, and we need seek no further for the motives which led her to accept Monsier Pontellier for her husband. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 7) In this era women had very little equal rights and were unable to stand their grounds on their beliefs in fear of rejection from society. In the summer at Grand Isle Edna begins to develop a negative attitude towards marriage. During the summer at Grand Isle, Edna learns how to swim, which begins her â€Å"awakening†. Edna views the sea as calming and way to escape from reality. Even when Edna isn’t at the beach she thinks about the sounds of the waves to comfort her. As Edna looks at the sea she thinks about the â€Å"motionless sails against the blue sky, made a delicious picture I just wanted to sit and look at. / The hot wind beating in my face made me think – without any connection that I can trace — of a summer day in Kentucky, of a meadow that seemed as big as the ocean to the very little girl walking through the grass, which was higher than her waist. (Chopin, 1899, chap 7) The sea reminds Edna of being a little girl without having to carry the heavy load of society. She felt freedom through the waves as they hit the shore. After Edna goes for her first swim, she is overjoyed and yells: â€Å"Think of the time I have lost splashing like a baby! † (Chopin, 1899, chap 5) This was the beginning of the end for her. This night is the first night that Edna stands up to her husband when he asks her to come in for the night while she was resting on the hammock. Edna replies; â€Å"No; I’m going to stay out here. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 6) Mr. Pontellier wasn’t used to Edna not doing what is asked. Edna hears Leonce moving about the room; every sound indicating impatience and irritation. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 6), which signifies Leonce is frustrated that Edna wasn’t submissive as usual. Edna had spent some time with her father which stirred up the feelings as to why she didn’t want to attend her sister’s wedding. Following the advice given to Mr. Pontellier by the Dr. Mandelet’s declined to intervene in her decision. As her father left Mr. Pontellier was not far behind and began talking to her father about Edna’s behavior. Edna’s father told him â€Å"You are too lenient, too lenient by far, Leonce† (Chopin, 1899 chap 29) â€Å"Authority, coercion are what is needed. / Put your foot down good and hard; the only way to manage a wife. / Take my word for it. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 29)This statement shows how men view women with little respect and freedom. It had to of taken a lot for Edna to stand up to her father and tell him no, when he was such an authority to her in life. Edna’s newfound freedom has found her venturing out and doing things she enjoys. She goes to a horse race with Mrs. Highcamp at Arobin’s drag. This is where she meets a man named Alcee Arobin. She begins to spend a lot of time with sharing her interest of horse racing. Through their constant visits Alcee begins experiencing feelings for Edna. Alcee kisses her hand as he leaves her house in the evening. After he is gone she looks â€Å"mechanically at the back of her hand which he had kissed so warmly. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 25) As Edna looked at her hand â€Å"she felt somewhat like a woman who in the moment of passion is betrayed into an act of infedility, and realizes the significance of the act without being wholly awaken from its glamour. (Chopin, 1899, chap 25) When Edna is thinking this she is not referring to her husband, but of Robert whom she fell in love with at the Grand Isle. During this time period divorce wasn’t a choice. Edna continues to fall into the arms of Alcee as they spend time together. Chopin describes the relationship developing into more than just a friendship; however Edna love and s exual desires for Robert are being portrayed with Alcee. Affairs were a forbidden and inexcusable act in the eyes of society. After this night Edna cried which â€Å"was only a phase of the multitudinous emotions which assailed her. / There was with her an overwhelming feeling of irresponsibility. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 28) This signifies that she is feeling remorseful for her doings; however her feelings for Robert are still strong. She then makes a big step and moves out into the pigeon house around the corner. Edna moves out of her home to the pigeon house and begins to support herself through her paintings. This was absurb of a woman moving out of her home away from her husband. When Mr. Pontellier learned of his wife’s intention to abandoned her home and take her residence elsewhere, he immediately wrote a letter of unqualified disapproval and remonstrance. † (Chopin, 1899, chap32) He was worried about â€Å"what people would say. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 32), so he put their house under construction to hide the fact that Edna moved out. For the time being Leonce remains away on business while Edna is living in the pigeon house. â€Å"No longer was she content to â€Å"feed upon opinion† when her own soul had invited her. (Chopin, 1899, chap32) Edna feels independent and full of life. During this time Robert returns from Mexico and Edna reveals her love to him, â€Å"I love you†, she whispered, â€Å"only you; no one but you. / It was you that awoke me last summer out of a life-long stupid dream. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 37) She defies the rules of society by loving one other than her husband, whom she was supposed to love and adore forever. However after revealing her love to Robert she leaves the house to attend to her friend who has become ill and asks him to wait for her to return. When Edna returned home there was a note left from Robert stating; â€Å"I love you. Good-by – because I love you. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 33) Robert did what was the right thing to do in society by leaving because they both would have been shunned for their affair. After reading the letter it appeared as though Edna went into shock. Chopin describes her as she â€Å"grew faint when she read the words. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 33) The next day she decides to go for a little swim and as she was walking she said to herself over and over again, â€Å"To—day it is Arobin; to—morrow it will be someone else. (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) and was also thinking about words shared with Adele Ratignolle, â€Å"she would give up the unessential, but she would not sacrifice herself for her children. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) She wasn’t going to sacrifice her life any longer for anybody. Edna interprets the sea as being, â€Å"seductive, never ceasing, whis pering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander in abysses of solitude. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) As she continues to walk along the beach doesn’t find anything living except for a â€Å"bird with a broken wing was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water. (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) The bird symbolizes Edna, broken. She strips away her clothing and walks into the cold ocean naked like a new-born creature, never looking back. In conclusion, it is clear throughout the novel society portrays how men and women should look. The men with their perfect hair and the women doing as they should when directed by their husband are the perfect people in that era. However Edna goes against all the rules of society when she begins going against all of her husband’s wishes and gains confidence along with independence. Society was not ready to face the strength of a woman yet. Therefore, Edna felt very alone in the world with nowhere to turn. She took her life in the very place she discovered her soul because it was the only place she truly felt alive and free. Reference Chopin, K. , (2005), The Awakening, (1899), published by Hayes Barton Press, a division of Vital Source Technologies, Inc. , Retrieved from digital library, September 16, 2011 http://digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu/#/books/L-999-70979/pages/17443484

Protest Poetry

Protest songs make serious comment on the issues of their time. Discuss with detailed reference to the issues and techniques in two songs studied in class and one of your own choosing. Protest songs are the product of their times. Composers utilise the medium to make meaningful comment on the issues of their era in an attempt to influence viewpoints and bring back change. ‘Dear Mr President’ by Pink criticises the presidency of George w bush and the issues he raised with his decisions. These issues were homosexual rights/ marriage, homelessness, poverty, war/ us. oles, women’s rights and the justice system. â€Å"Sunday bloody Sunday’ by U2 criticizes the unnecessary bloodshed that occurred as a result of the violence connected with the Irish troubles on Jan 30, 1972. ‘skyscraper’ by Demi Lovado criticizes the issues of bullying, body image, and self mutilation in today’s society. These songs all express opinions about issues of relevan ce to their societies for the future. These songs all express opinions about relevance to their societies, ultimately in an attempt to enforce a positive change to the world. In 2007 Pink released the song Dear Mr.President. The song is a direct criticism of President George W. Bush and the policies of his administration. Pink addresses the major concerns of most Americans. The most evident of these concerns are homosexual rights/ marriage, homelessness, women’s rights, war/US roles, poverty and the justice system. The song begins with â€Å"Come take a walk with me. Let’s pretend we’re just two people and you’re not better than me. † By stating this as an invitation Pink is directly asking the President to listen to her opinions utilising imperative verbs and a gentle tone.Pink is stating that she will be truthful and not sugar coat her opinions. She will tell him the truth about what everyone is thinking but no one is willing to tell him directly . metaphor is utilised to portray the ideas Pink has. The complete second and third stanzas are rhetorical questions addressing the issues the President has caused. The rhetorical questions are using emotive language to appeal to the listeners’ heart. The rhetorical questions are also using direct address to the President to show perspective of the issues and showing them so they relate to him.At the end of the third stanza when Pink asks â€Å"How do you walk with your head held high? Can you even look me in the eye and tell me why? † she uses negative connotations to show the pride or lack of pride he holds. The complete fifth stanza is using personal address by using examples of his own family and putting them in the places of the people affected by his choices, and rhetorical questions. â€Å"What kind of father would take his own daughter’s rights away? And what kind of father might hate is own daughter if she were gay? The rhetorical questions are address ing Bush’s personal life and relationship with his daughter by putting a negative aspect onto it by saying he would hate her if she were gay. The effect of this is to show how unfair the President is being to people and how he should change his ways. This song makes serious comment on the issues of the President’s actions and decisions. Sunday bloody Sunday focuses on the ongoing issues of conflict between protestants and the Catholics in northern island, which culminated in the loss of lives on a day known as bloody Sunday.The composer highlights the futility of the ongoing troubles and makes a call for change. A metaphor is utilised in the rhetorical question’ how ling must we sing this song? ’ to draw attention to the long period of time these troubles have been occurring. Direct address is employed in ‘we can be as one tonight’ in order to persuade people to put an end to the violence. Alliteration paired with evocative imagery reinforces the emotive impact of the message. ‘broken bottles under children’s feet/ bodies strewn across the dead end street. This is further demonstrated through a metaphor â€Å"the trench is dug within our hearts†, conveying the impact this is having on people’s emotions. The word choice ‘trench’ links the audience’s minds to war. The composer sends a powerful message by using a biblical allusion â€Å"the real battle has just begun/ to claim the victory Jesus won. † Calling on Christians to unite with a common purpose rather than engage in fighting. The issue of religious conflict is clearly an important one that holds relevance for contemporary society. In 2011 Demi Lovado released the song Skyscraper.Skyscraper focuses on the ongoing issue of bullying, self hate, and body image. The composer highlights the futility of the ongoing troubles and makes a call for change. The song begins with â€Å"Skies are crying, I am watching†¦ catching teardrops in my hands. Only silence has its ending like we never had a chance. Do you have to make me feel like there’s nothing left of me? † The tone of this is a soft, sad/ lonely whisper to show how vulnerable the composer is feeling, but slowly leads up to a louder stronger tone. Personification is employed which gives the effect of showing how she eels by using a large mass of to show the emotion the composer is feeling. A rhetorical question is used to show how she is feeling as though everything has been taken from her, making her feel worthless. In the chorus the metaphor â€Å"You can take everything I have, you can break everything I am† is used to show that things are changing for her but she is getting better and stronger to not care as much about the issues. â€Å"Like I’m made of glass, like I’m made of paper† uses repetition to portray the effect of feeling weak but knowing you’re much stronger.This is shown be cause the substances referred to are paper and glass which are very weak and easy to break. In the third stanza emotive language is used. â€Å"Would it make you feel better to watch me while I bleed? † This is relating to her issues of self harm and how it would make people feel to watch her do it. The emotive language reference is said in an angry tone with high volume. This is to show how fed up of feeling bad about herself she is. This song suggests that bullying and self image issues are clearly an important one that holds relevance for contemporary society.

Pop culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Pop culture - Essay Example This information was important in support of the central claim because of the elements of popular culture provided, its role in the society and its definition. These were important in making the reader understand that popular culture does not destroy society values and morals. Cons: The article has no evidence of support from other sources of literature. It means that it is a one author’s idea. It could be a credible source of information, but any writing with no evidence of support from other sources reduces reliability. The author may be a prominent person as indicated in the site (A member of the American Culture Association and Popular Culture Association), but lack of citations in his work could be a sign of lack of research. It is not, however, inevitable that if his work is not cited, then he did not conduct any research. This is an article about social inclusion. It discusses social inclusion as an approach to human development and social well-being. Social inclusion in this article recognizes the importance of diversity and difference in understanding community and national level identity. Social inclusion in the article also calls for recognition of shared aspirations among people and commonality of lived experiences. It shows how social inclusion is more than bringing outsiders in and includes closing social, physical, and economic distances that separate people. It does not only remove barriers between them. There is also information about the five cornerstones of inclusion and how inclusion is built in a community. This paper was used because it has relevant information about social inclusion. In the essay, social inclusion is one of the outcomes of popular culture. Understanding social inclusion, how it is built, and its cornerstones were very important in understanding how popular culture leads to social inclusion. This information was very important in supporting the positive role of popular culture in the

Strategic Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Strategic Management - Case Study Example Valuable, in the framework, defines elements that add value to an organization to derive competitive advantage over competing organizations. One of valuables for the club, based on the case, is a brand image that has developed a team of loyal fans. History of the brand can be traced to the year 1958 when the club suffered a setback following loss of its top players in a plane crash. Ability to bounce back from the loss and to develop another team of outstanding players attracted fans and well-wishers and the developed image continues. It has been evidenced during challenges such as conflict between supporters and Glazer in the club’s takeover bid. Even though the supporters lost, their support for the club remained. Effect of the brand has also been effective in the club’s sale of tickets, even after increased fees, and in sales from the club’s shops across the globe. The image and its effect on supporters’ loyalty also meet the rarity criterion as the clu b has the largest match attendance, compared to those of its competitors in the premier league (Johnson, Whittington, & Scholes 2011, p. 601- 604). Investments in stadia and facilities as well as in purchase of players are another valuable for the organization. Improved stadia and facilities have facilitated game attendance and other sales and therefore improved revenues. Players’ purchase has however improved the club’s competitiveness and this could have contributed to sustained fans’ support. Investment in players has also benefit in revenues from sale of such players Christiano Ronaldo (Johnson, Whittington, & Scholes 2011, p. 601- 604). A model based approach to understanding value creation in the English football supports the role of talent acquisition as a value that the club has. Injected talent that also has effects on team experience is a significant source of value among clubs in the nation.

Religious persecution internationally Research Paper

Religious persecution internationally - Research Paper Example persecution by governments. In Russia, cruel criteria and government monopoly against the Orthodox church has led to discrimination against some other churches and religions. Muslim women in Turkey also can not wear anything that reveals they are Muslims such as headscarves. There is another type of racism against Muslims in Burma that Muslims don’t have the right to get citizenship or passports. As a result, Muslims in Burma will lose their chance to get jobs. In Iran members of the Bahai faith are prevented pensions and government grants. In addition, Bahai students are not able to pursue their higher education in Iran’s schools. In order for some churches get their legal recognition in Serbia, they have to achieve various conditions. In contrast, some churches obtain their legal status without doing anything (Type). These are some examples of racism and religious persecution by the governments of different countries that seek to broadcast and promote persecution amon g their citizens either directly or by a particular group. arrests of members of the banned Falun Gong spiritual movement. The same thing also happens for both Buddhist and Christians in Vietnam. Muslims in America and Australia are subjected to multiple physical assaults and attacks for their property as mosques by burning. In addition, Muslims also in America and Australia are described by some as terrorists and some people there hate to speak with Muslims directly. In Saudi Arabia, only Muslims can practice their religion freely but if you are not Muslim, you will face a lot of trouble and contempt and you will not find place also to do your religious ritual. The government of Georgia has failed so far to bring and judge the perpetrators of the violence against worshippers of non-Orthodox faiths. In India also there are bloody conflicts between Muslims and Hindus, as both parties seek to be the dominant.

CyberSecuirty Threats Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CyberSecuirty Threats - Essay Example This compromise may include a covert computer terminal is connected to the same line through the telephone switching equipment and is then used when the legitimate user is not using the terminal. The computer cannot differentiate between the two terminals; it senses only one terminal and one authorized user (Peter & Allan, 20). A user may also improperly sign off when leaving a terminal session. Here, the intruder will find the terminal session in active state and access the user’s files as the computer believes the user is still active. The perpetrator may also use another form of piggybacking where they forward the call of the victim’s calls to the perpetrator’s phone (Peter & Allan, 120). Passwords are the other form of security verification methods implemented in computer networks and devices. With passwords, the user is required to enter secret digits or letters or both to provide access to a system or files in a system (Lynch, 401). Passwords have been in existence since long ago and are applicable in many fields such as in automated teller machines, mobile phones and computer operating systems (Peter & Allan, 70). However, passwords have been known to be cracked and as such very in strength where alphanumeric patterns of passwords offer the strongest passwords while simple letters or digits offer weak and vulnerable passwords (Peter & Allan, 80). Phishing in internet security is a form of crime that occurs in the internet. Here, deception is used to acquire someone’s or a company’s sensitive information such as their bank account details, credit card number, usernames and passwords. The culprit masquerades as a trustworthy party such as a bank or popular site (Lynch, 410). They in turn send emails or instant messages that are infected with malware and harm the unsuspecting victim. Once the message or email is opened the malware retrieves the user’s

Trading decisions of individual investors Evidence of psychological Essay

Trading decisions of individual investors Evidence of psychological biases - Essay Example The Common Stock Investment Performance of Individual Investors†, Barber and Odean (2000). Barber and Odean (2000) studied data of stock market transactions undertaken by 78,000 households, from January 1991 to December 1996. Under the overconfidence model, investors who are overconfident about executing a profitable trade will trade more frequently in the market, and because much of their market action will be based on emotion (overconfidence) rather than deliberate and pragmatic study, their trades will be of lower expected utility. The resulting net return of households with high turnover will be inferior to those less frequently traded accounts. By comparison, the rational expectation framework of Grossman and Stiglitz posit that when investors trade, it is because they perceive that the marginal benefit they will realize is greater than the marginal cost they will incur. Since such investors trade only when such opportunity presents itself, which probably will be as often as not, then the rational investor transacts less frequently, incurring a lower aggregate transaction cost. The study discovered that households that have lower turnover (and thus traded less frequently) had larger accounts that those households that had higher turnover. This may be explained by the fact that investors who trade less frequently are longer-term investors whose objective in entering the market is for capital appreciation rather than the â€Å"quick buck†. They will tend to select stocks of â€Å"blue chip†, investor, quality, and to maintain that position for years. The earlier investigation done by Odean (1998) sought to discover whether or not individual investors tended to maintain a losing position too long and, conversely, close out on their gaining stocks too soon. This has direct bearing on the Prospect Theory by Kahneman and Tversky (1979), originally conceived as a

Community Health issue Impacting the Health Profession Research Paper - 1

Community Health issue Impacting the Health Profession - Research Paper Example y health issues started sprawling up in the United States and therefore necessitated a change in the health profession more so the increased adoption or application of technology in the health practice. Presently, cancer is one of the most common and thorny health issue in the United States and it has contributed to the death of many people. Johnson (2011) stated that previously cancer was not prevalent as it is today and it used to affect mostly the older people but nowadays there are cases of young children even below the age of one year being diagnosed with cancer. Johnson (2011) stated that these increased cases of cancer in the United States had lead to the health profession undertaking some changes in order to tackle this rising issue. For example, increased cases of cancer have lead to an increase in the number of health workers who are being trained specifically on how to care and conduct treatment for cancer patients. Secondly, the health profession has adopted advanced technology for cancer screening and treatment. Thirdly, medical health professionals regardless of specialization are being taught on basic techniques of diagnosing cancer. Johnson (2011) stated that issues of drugs and alcohol abuse in the United States rose by 70% in the past decades, equally the disorders associated with drugs and alcohol abuse have also increase in equal measures as the national cost or government expenditure of dealing with cases of drugs and alcohol abuse. According to Johnson (2011), alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine are the most common in the American community and recent figures indicate there is an increase in the abuse of prescription-type psychotherapeutic drugs. The health profession has witnessed certain changes due to the issue of drugs and alcohol and one of the changes is the increased monitoring and control of controlled drugs within the healthcare centers. Additionally, health professionals have been made to be more accountable for the drugs they handle

The other reason is that when my father comes home Essay Example for Free

The other reason is that when my father comes home Essay My room is my favorite place. The floor of my room is a golden brown carpet. A beige rug covers a small portion of the floor next to my bed. In an array of gloss and semi-gloss, shades of off-white cover these four walls. Entire sections are hidden by nearly a dozen posters of comic book characters, girls, or athletes. Along the top section of my wall I have my eight-teen hats. My room is about 10 feet by 10 feet so it is not too big or too small. I have a big window that is six and a half foot horizontally three feet vertically. When my window is looked out of one may view the front yard. I like having the window in the front a lot for two reasons one was so that when my friends come over kind of late they could knock on my window instead of ringing my door bell that way when they came if my dad was asleep they would not wake him up, he did not mind if they came over late just as long as his sleep was not disturbed. The other reason is that when my father comes home I am able to hear him so that way instead of coming home to find me watching television or talking on the telephone, which I was normally doing, he would come home to find me doing something constructive like reading a book or doing some homework which is the reason why I have my bed right by my window. Next to my bed is the same alarm clock I have had since the sixth grade. It was a Christmas present from my little brother. It is an Emerson alarm clock with a cassette and compact disk player. On the other side of the room are three things which were very important to me, my tv, my stereo and my bathroom. Every time I enter my room a feeling of lightheartedness comes over me. From the second I touch then twist that smooth brass doorknob to enter my room the negativity I face day to day is forgotten. In the winter my room is warm and cozy and in the summer my room is cool and comfortable. It is difficult for me to not want to lie in my bed upon entering my room when I know there is work to be done, from time to time I will lay down for five minutes or so then get to work. The feeling of my soft pillows against my head after a long day is one of the pleasures I am seldom robbed of when there is no work to be done. When I come to my room and there is no work that needs to be done I indulge in the comfort my room provides.

Forensic Anthropology Study of Bones

Forensic Anthropology Study of Bones Introduction Anthropology is the study of humankind, culturally and physically, in all times and places. Forensic Anthropology is the application of anthropological knowledge and techniques in a legal context (Hunter, 1996b). This involves detailed knowledge of osteology, anatomy, and to a lesser degree pathology, to aid in the identification and cause of death of skeletal and severely decomposed human remains. The application of forensic anthropology is specifically useful when human remains are extremely difficult for the medico-legal team to identify, and these remains are often a result of decomposition, dismemberment, severe burning and charring, and submersion in water for prolonged periods (Haglund and Sorg, 1996 and 2001). It is a fallacy to believe that forensic anthropology applies solely to skeletal remains. In many instances, particularly in the United Kingdom, a forensic anthropologist is required to analyse remains with partial soft tissue. The geographical magnitude of the United States usually dictates that the American forensic anthropologist will encounter more skeletonised remains than those still possessing soft tissue (Uberlaker and Scammell, 2000), however, the opportunities for cadavers to decompose to a fully skeletonised state are severely reduced in the UK. Similarly, there are specific instances where remains can be uncovered in varying states of entirety, including mass disasters, such as train and aircraft accidents, and instances involving human rights infringements (Cox, 2003). However, in the United Kingdom, forensic anthropology is yet to be nationally accepted or acknowledged as a credible and valuable addition to the forensic science armoury, and until recently, the number of cases involving forensic anthropologists has been limited. Although the trained and accredited forensic anthropologist has the capability to undertake a wide range of analyses, and has the potential to add greatly to the field of forensic science, this essay will briefly outline the predominant methodologies employed by the forensic anthropologist in the identification of human remains. Age and sex estimation The uses of forensic anthropology in cases where human remains are not easily identifiable centre around five basic questions which the discipline is uniquely empowered to answer: Whether the remains are human; the number of individuals represented; the interval of times since death; the identification of the individual; and the cause and manner of death (Menez, 2005). Part of that identification is the determination of the age at death and sex of the individual. The topic is immense, however, superficially the process of age determination involves three foci of analysis: tooth eruption and erosion; epiphyseal closure; and the length of the long bones (Hunter et al., 2001; Byers, 2004). Similarly, determination of sex is possible via the analysis of the pelvis, the cranial and mandible characteristics, and the diameter of the femoral and humeral head. As a general rule of thumb, males usually present a more prominent brow ridge, nuchal crest, glabella and gonal angle. Women have a wi der pelvis, a wider sciatic and less pronounced cranial characteristics. Stature and race evaluation Forensic anthropologists can use formulae to determine height based on the length of long bones. The longest bone, the femur, is most applicable for analysis, however estimations are also possible from the metacarpals in the hand. Anthropologists are able to establish the individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s weight by the wear on the bones at certain characteristic points. They can also verify an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s general physique from the ridges created via muscle attachments. From muscle attachment characteristics, it is possible to determine whether the individual was right- or left-handed as there will usually be more muscle attachment evidence exhibited on the bones on the dominant side. An intact corpse can be measured, but a disarticulated or incomplete skeleton has to be pieced together. One generic rule of thumb is that height is about five times the length of the humerus, however there are formulas for height based on other major bones a s well, including the spine, tibia, and femur (Black, 2003). Through the application of forensic anthropology it is possible to identify the racial group to which an individual belongs by examining the anthropometric landmarks of the cranial vault. One of three races can be determined from variations in the facial structure, especially the nose and eye sockets. Facial or head hair, when presented on the human remains, can also help determine race. Evaluation of pathologies It is possible via forensic anthropology to determine if a victim was ever injured or experienced trauma. Predominantly, this involves trauma exhibited on the hard tissue, however, in cases of partial decomposition, soft tissue trauma may also be evaluated and established (Pickering and Bachman, 1996). In the case of a suspected victim, detected bone trauma can be compared with an individualà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s medical X-rays to confirm identity, and the same identification methodology may be applied with regard to dentition and odontological evidence. It is often also possible to determine the cause of death in a victim, particularly in cases of extreme violence. This is determined by analysing indications of trauma, including stab marks, depressions and blunt weapon trauma usually to the skull, fracture patterns, saw marks in cases of dismemberment, and bullets or pellets in or near the body. If the person was strangled, for example, frequently the hyoid bone in the throat is fractured (Nafte, 2000; Rutty, 2001). It is also possible, through toxicology, for the forensic anthropologist to analysis evidence of poison recovered from hard tissue samples. Determination of cause of death can be of particular relevant in cases of human rights abuse. This is an area which appears to be prevalent globally, and forensic anthropologists are currently in operation in Argentina, the Eastern Block, Iraq and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These analyses are proving highly successful and are assisting in the case-building and prosecution of former dictators and rebel forces alike (Cox, 2003). Post-mortem interval The determination of post-mortem interval (PMI), although relying heavily on the entomological community, the techniques for PMI estimation were developed by prominent forensic anthropologist, William M. Bass (Gilbert and Bass, 1967). Forensic anthropologists are able to approximate the date of death and, the amount of soft tissue that is still present is often the key to determining PMI, although weathering cracks on bones during excessively cold weather or animal and rodent bites may also be used. Generally, females lose one pound of tissue per day during average decomposition; males, in comparison, lose three pounds per day. Acidic soil has a tendency to accelerate decomposition, however, alkaline soil retards it, and the pedology around the body is frequently analysed by both forensic anthropologists and pedologists. Although most frequently the forensic entomologist is required to estimate the post-mortem interval based on insect activity, this is actually an estimate of the period of insect activity, not the specific post-mortem interval. The two are often relatively similar, as the insects arrive and begin their activity shortly following death, however, in some instances there may be factors that serve to delay the onset of insect activity, and these must be considered (Schultz et al., 2005). Determining if the body has been moved following death is essential for this consideration, and the trained anthropologist is competent in this analysis. It is also crucial for the pathologist and anthropologist to assess wounds in terms of pre-, peri- and post-mortem to accurately determine PMI. Conclusion Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology to the legal process. The identification of skeletal, badly decomposed, or otherwise unidentified human remains is important for both legal and humanitarian reasons. Forensic anthropologists apply standard scientific techniques developed in physical anthropology to identify human remains, and to assist in the detection of crime (Hunter, 1996a). While forensic pathologists are trained to analyze soft tissue and organs, their experience with hard tissue is often limited (Hunter and Cox, 2005). In a relatively recent case for forensic anthropologist Charlotte Roberts, a pathologist had been uncertain whether a canine skeleton was actually human or not, illustrating the value of anthropology to the criminal investigation process (Roberts, 1996). The methodology of the forensic anthropologist was eventually adopted during the eventually across Saddleworth Moor during the Moors Murders re-investigation of 1986 -88, and proved partially successful (Hunter, 1996c). The forensic anthropologist specializes in hard tissue morphology, structure and variability, and much of what occurs in forensic anthropology originates from the area of osteology, although some forensic anthropologists may also specialize in body decomposition and entomology. A plethora of further evidence is obtainable and within the capabilities of the forensic anthropologist for analysis, such as entomology, taphonomy, location of clandestine remains (Hunter, 1996c) and so on, however, the methodology of these forensic specialists is exhaustive. Bibliography Black, S. (2000) Forensic Osteology in the United Kingdom. In Cox, M. and Mays, S. (eds.) Human Osteology: In Archaeology and Forensic Science. London, Greenwich Medical Media Ltd. Byers, S. (2004) Introduction to Forensic Anthropology: A Textbook. Boston, Allyn and Bacon Cox, M. (2003) The Inforce foundation. Science and Justice 41(3):173-8 Gilbert, B. M. and Bass, W. M. (1967) Seasonal dating of burials from the presence of fly pupae. American Antiquity 32: 534-535 Haglund, W. D. and Sorg, M. H. (1996) Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. London, CRC Press Haglund, W. D. and Sorg, M. H. (2001) Advances in Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory and Archaeological Perspectives. London, CRC Press Hunter, J. (1996a) Recovering buried remains. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. (1996b) Archaeology, anthropology and forensic science. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A . (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. (1996c) Locating buried remains. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Hunter, J. R., Brickley, M. B., Bourgeois, J., Bouts, W., Bourguignon, L., Hubrecht, F., De Winne, J., Van Haaster, H., Hakbijl, T., De Jong, H., Smits, L., Van Wijngaarden, L. H. and Luschen, M. (2001) Forensic archaeology, forensic anthropology and human rights in Europe. Science and Justice 41(3):173-8 Hunter, J. and Cox, M. (2005) Forensic Archaeology: Advances in Theory and Practice. London, Routledge Menez, L. L. (2005) The place of a forensic archaeologist at a crime scene involving a buried body. Forensic Science International 152(2-3): 311-5 Nafte, M. (2000) Flesh and Bone: An Introduction to Forensic Anthropology. Durham, Carolina Academic Press Pickering R. B. and Bachman D. C. (1996) The Use of Forensic Anthropology. London, CRC Press Roberts, C. A. (!996) Forensic anthropology 1: the contribution of biological anthropology to forensic contexts. In Hunter, J., Roberts, C. and Martin, A. (eds.) Studies in Crime: Introduction to Forensic Archaeology. London, Routledge Rutty, G. (2001) Post mortem changes and artefacts. In Rutty, G. (ed.) Essentials of Autopsy Practice. London, Springer. Schultz, J. L., Wheeler, S. M., Williams, L. J. and Dupras, T. L. (2005) Forensic Recovery of Human Remains: Archaeological Approaches. London, CRC Press Ubelaker, D. H. and Scammell, H. (2000) Bones: A Forensic Detective’s Casebook. New York, M Evans Co Inc